Authors: Danielle Meunier, MD; Sophia Peng, MD; and Gwen Clarke, MD, FRCPC
Publication date: September 2019
Primary target audiences: Medical laboratory technologists (MLT) in a hospital laboratory, transfusion medicine physicians
Cw (RH8) is one of 54 antigens in the complex Rhesus (Rh) blood group system. The Rh antigens are located on large, multi-looped glycoprotein products of two closely linked genes.
Cw is a relatively low-frequency antigen, occurring at an estimated 2% in the general Caucasian population, and up to 7–9% in the Latvian, Laplander and Finnish populations. Its antithetical antigens include CX (RH9, an abnormal Cw) and the high-incidence MAR (RH51) antigen.
Due to the location of Cw on the RHCE gene, gene linkage dictates that it almost always coincides with the C antigen (particularly of the DCe (R1) haplotype). When associated with Cw, the C antigen shows weakened expression, hence an alloanti-C may rarely be made in C+Cw+ individuals.
Anti-Cw was first described in 1946 in a patient with lupus (who also produced anti-Lua). It was named for its association with the C antigen and in recognition of the red blood cell donor, Willis.
Anti-Cw is a relatively common antibody and usually occurs naturally, although it may be immune stimulated (i.e. by transfusion or pregnancy-related red blood cell exposure). It is almost always an IgG antibody, with rare case reports of IgM, and often occurs in association with other antibodies.
Unlike many other Rh antigens, in the context of transfusion, anti-Cw is not typically clinically significant. There are no case reports associating anti-Cw with acute or delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions. However, it has been associated with mild to moderate hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN), with rare case reports of severe HDFN, including at least one case of hydrops fetalis.
When anti-Cw is detected in a patient’s pre-transfusion sample, there is usually no requirement for selection of Cw-negative donor red blood cells. In fact, 98% of donor units are Cw-negative. Routine donor antigen typing (phenotyping) at Canadian Blood Services does not include Cw typing; therefore, a request for Cw-negative red blood cell units results in additional manual phenotyping and/or genotyping. For current and historic anti-Cw, red blood cell units that are crossmatch compatible at 37°C IAT phase should be selected for transfusion. See Table 1 for a summary of recommendations for red blood cell transfusion in patients with non-ABO antibodies.
For sickle cell disease patients without antibodies, most guidelines recommend transfusion of Rh(DCcEe)- and Kell-matched units. For those patients with one or more antibodies (current or historical), complete donor phenotype/genotype matching is often recommended. Typically, this matching includes the Rh(DCcEe), Kell, Kidd and Duffy blood group systems along with the S/s antigens. If a patient with sickle cell disease develops an anti-Cw, then Cw-negative units should be provided, along with matching for the full phenotype, as above. Given the increased risk of hyperhemolysis in patients with sickle cell disease, this clinical context necessitates full compatibility with the patient’s antigen and antibody profile.
Patient Antibody | Recommendation for red blood cell transfusion* |
---|---|
Diego system | |
Anti-Dia | Red blood cell units crossmatch compatible by IAT at 37°C |
Anti-Wra | Red blood cell units crossmatch compatible by IAT at 37°C |
Kell system | |
Anti-Jsa | Jsa-negative red blood cell units crossmatch compatible by IAT at 37°C |
Anti-Kpa | Red blood cell units crossmatch compatible by IAT at 37°C |
Lewis system | |
Anti-Lea, Anti- Leb, and Anti-Lea | Red blood cell units crossmatch compatible by IAT at 37°C |
Lutheran system | |
Anti-Lua | Red blood cell units crossmatch compatible by IAT at 37°C |
MNS system | |
Anti-M | Red blood cell units crossmatch compatible by IAT or equivalent using IgG antihuman globulin |
Rh system | |
Anti-Cw | Red blood cell units crossmatch compatible by IAT at 37°C |
Anti-V | V-negative red blood cell units crossmatch compatible by IAT at 37°C |
* Note: Patients with sickle cell disease who develop any one of the antibodies listed here should be provided with antigen-negative red blood cell units for transfusion.
For an introduction to immunohematology and the foundations of blood bank compatibility testing, visit LearnSerology.ca, an online educational resource developed by transfusion medicine specialists in Canada. The curriculum consists of six modules and includes an interactive module for completing an antibody investigation panel.
Meunier D, Peng S, Clarke G. Rh System: Anti-Cw [Internet]. Ottawa: Canadian Blood Services; 2019 Sept 25 [cited YYYY MM DD]. Available from: https://profedu.blood.ca/en/transfusion/best-practices/serological-best-practices